Printed from The Discovery of Hydrothermal Vents - 25th Anniversary
CD-ROM ©2002 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
EARLY CLUES: Evidence
Introduction
The plate tectonics revolution that culminated in the late 1960s fundamentally
rearranged our understanding about how our planet works. It launched new
ways of thinking about Earths history and opened new lines of inquiryincluding
the idea of seafloor hot springs.
Heres the logic: The surface of the Earth is broken into rigid plates
that move in different directions. In places where plate boundaries are
moving apart, columns of molten rock from the mantle rise toward Earths
surface. Lava erupts onto the seafloor and is quenched to form new oceanic
crust. This new crust creates volcanic submarine mountain ranges called
the mid-ocean ridges.
Heres the key: Newly made seafloor would likely have cracks in it,
because hot rocks contract when they cool. Cold seawater could seep into
those cracks, where it would come in contact with hot rocks deeper down.
The water would heat up again, rise back to the surface, and discharge
into the ocean. Geysers on land, such as those in Yellowstone National
Park, work in a similar way.
As recently as 1977, no one had seen a seafloor hot spring. They remained
solely within the realm of possibility. But the idea that seafloor hot
springs might exist grew more intriguing, especially as circumstantial
evidence accumulated. The evidence included:
- Red Sea hot brines
- Metal-rich sediments
- Seafloor rocks with curious
chemistry
- Ophiolitesslivers of
seafloor on land
- The missing heat
In this way, vents literally ventilate the mid-ocean ridges
in a process called convection. The same process occurs in
a pot of boiling water. Heated water rises to the top of the pot and discharges
heat to the air above it. The cooler, and now denser, water then sinks
to the bottom of the pot to be heated again.
So, by the early 1970s, scientists had predicted that there might be
hydrothermal vents at mid-ocean ridges. But until 1977, no human had ever
seen hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, nor could they prove they really
existed.
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